However, individuals collected in mid-summer 23 July showed no significant response to upwind host plants and walked randomly in the wind tunnel.
Individuals collected during late summer to autumn 4 August to 23 October once again showed response to upwind plants, whereas those collected in winter January walked randomly in the wind tunnel. For spring and early summer beetles that responded to plant odours, the strength of the response did not change significantly with the number of plants 1, 2, 4 or 6 presented upwind in the tunnel nor with the starvation time 2, 6, 10, 12, 24 or 36 h of the tested beetles, and these patterns were consistent for male and female beetles.
Individuals responded to plants from a distance of 60 and cm. The speed of movement, similar for males and females, increased slightly asL. AbstractBy discussing details of the current policy emphasis on entrepreneurship and microfinance, this article explores the dynamic and inconclusive negotiation of state authority in Kolfe Keraniyo, peri-urban Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
The promotion of micro and small enterprises is an important aspect of the territorialization of state power in the peri-urban space, and is actively negotiated, challenged and refashioned. The second part of the article discusses how the beneficiaries of entrepreneurship initiatives mediate the normative framework provided by the developmental state, and highlights how that framework is neither inclusive nor particularly distinct in its effects from neoliberal development strategies.
The article concludes that the making and unmaking of state authority is not unidirectional from above but operates through the redefinition of spatial and temporal boundaries from below. This is a well-researched and thoughtfully-presented work which seeks to combine an analysis of elite politics with developments in intellectual trends in the decade following the Tiananmen massacre in China. In so doing, Joseph Fewsmith examines several important strands of development in how this communist state, which was in crisis in , avoided the fate of its East-European and Soviet fraternal states and turned itself into a developmental state that is also emerging as an economic powerhouse a decade later.
Breaking with a centralized past, the incumbent government of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front EPRDF committed itself to a decentralization policy in the early s and has since then created a number of new sites for state—citizen interactions. In the context of electoral authoritarianism, however, decentralization has been interpreted as a means for the expansion of the party-state at the grass-roots level. Against this backdrop, this article attempts a more nuanced understanding of the complex entanglements between the closure of political space and faith in progress in local arenas.
Hence, it follows sub-kebele institutions at the community level in a rural district and analyses their significance for state-led development and peasant mobilization between the and elections. Based on ethnographic field research, the empirical case presented discloses that decentralization and state-led development serve the expansion of state power into rural areas, but that state authority is simultaneously constituted and undermined in the course of this process.
On that basis, this article aims to contribute to an inherently political understanding of decentralization, development and their entanglement in local and national politics in rural African societies. Factors influencing language maintenance, code-switching and code-mixing are discussed. Four main phases of language acquisition are considered: the pre-primary school phase, the primary school phase, the secondary-school phase, and the post-secondary school phase.
Three languages with both varying and overlapping roles interact, creating a triglossia situation: first the vernacular or mother-tongue of each particular ethno-cultural group; secondly Swahili, the local lingua franca and national language; thirdly English, the predominant language of higher learning and to a certain extent of official and commercial business.
The paper also discusses the diglossia relationship between the vernacular and Swahili on the one hand and Swahili and English on the other. Urban life tends to impose its own socio-cultural influences on the bilinguals.
There is free shifting and mixing between Swahili and English interlocutors, topics and setting. Lastly the paper raises questions of the sociological and linguistic consequences of the multilingual situation. Multilingualism, diglossia; code-switching; code-mixing; Swahili; English, national language problems.
The Origins of the Developmental State in Taiwan. Author s :. Students can also get organised by using mySchoolApp. The app is a one-stop shop for all those letters home — especially the ones that never get that far! Read about our great range of features and the benefits they bring. If you would like to know more about what mySchoolApp can do for your school please enter your details below.
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